The Japanese Attack on Pearl Harbor - 1392 Words

On December 7, 1941 -- the day that will always be commemorated as â€Å"the date which will live in infamy† by President Franklin Delano Roosevelt -- the Japanese unexpectedly attacked the United States’ naval base at Pearl Harbor in Hawaii. This crippling attack caused many American casualties, and American citizens quickly became filled with fury and abhorrence; the detestation that swallowed the hearts of the American citizens was shown through President Roosevelt’s expeditious appeal to Congress to declare war against Japan. The attack on Pearl Harbor was an unforgettable day in history and directly affected the United States involvement in World War Two and the patriotism of the United States’ citizens. On December 7, 1941, the Japanese†¦show more content†¦Hatred swept the nation as the citizens became aware to the attack. President Roosevelt called December 7, 1941 â€Å"a date which will live in infamy† (â€Å"Depression†). The United States has honored and will continue to honor the fallen heroes of this notorious attack that impacted everyone in the country. The following day, Germany and Italy, Japan’s allies declared war on the United States, and Americans were plunged into World War Two, shouting the slogan â€Å"Remember Pearl Harbor† (Parrish). The United States came together, leaving the past behind, and united as one nation under God, indivisible, with liberty and justice for all. After the attack on Pearl Harbor, President Franklin D. Roosevelt received approval from Congress to get involved in World War Two. The United States was already close to joining the war, but in an attempt to preserve its stance of isolation and neutrality, it had only committed to sending war supplies to Allied forces. Just hours after Invasion, Franklin D. Roosevelt asked Congress to declare war on Japan (Samantha). America’s involvement before the attack was limited, but when the Japanese planes released those deadly bombs upon the base in Hawaii, they unleashed an unwanted beast, loathing and ravenous for revenge. On December 8, President Roosevelt asked Congress to declare war against Japan. The declaration passed with just one dissenting vote (â€Å"America†). Mostly every citizen of the United States felt that retaliation was needed, soShow MoreRelatedThe Japanese Attack on Pearl Harbor820 Words   |  3 PagesMany American’s were shocked by the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, however there were many signs that the tensions between the two countries was growing. Japan was desperate for economic growth. In 1915 Japan issued the â€Å"Twenty-One Demands† to China in order to gain control in certain areas of the country. These demands were in conflict of the â€Å"Open Door† U.S. policy to leave China a sovereign country. Leaving China sovereign would allow all other countries to have equal access to Chinese tradeRead MoreJapanese Attack On Pearl Harbor955 Words   |  4 Pagesblame the Japanese for the attack on Pearl Harbor and will seize any opportunity to bring it up as an insult. However, do they consider why the Japanese did it? What was their reason for committing such an act? Why would Japanese soldiers give up their lives for such an act? It is never brought up and dismissed as if they were simply soulless monsters who attacked the U.S. out of hate. Another thing people don’t consider is the time this attack occurred: World War II— a time of war. The Japanese had aRead MoreJapanese Attack On Pearl Harbor1437 Words   |  6 PagesOne fateful morning on Sunday, December 7, 1941, Japanese attack planes first hit the U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor in Honolulu, Hawaii at 7:53AM. Approximately more than 2,000 soldiers and sailors were killed, and 1,000 were injured. The Japanese destroyed 200 airplanes and 20 American naval vessels, including 8 colossal battleships in just two hours. This surprise attack caused President Franklin D. Roosevelt and Congress to declare war on Japan, and its allies Italy and Germany also declaredRead MoreThe Japanese Attack on Pearl Harbor811 Words   |  3 Pages Hopes of American-Japanese relations came crumbling down when Japan launched a surprise attack on America during World War II (WWII) that would kill thousands. As the Empire of Japan expanded land into China, Americans became angered. The United States stopped all shipmen ts of oil and steal to Japan which was being used to make various war machinery and thereon began sending other military hardware to the military leader of China. Numerous negotiations still did not sway the UnitedRead MoreThe Japanese Attack On Pearl Harbor2930 Words   |  12 PagesStates failed to predict the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. Relevant literature demonstrates that the U.S. did predict a war. In fact, it is argued that the U.S infiltrated the war through means of strategy and manipulation of persuasions within Japanese politics. Some of the tactics used included the use of negotiations and sanctions which inevitably forced Japan to initiate war. This case report demonstrates that the direct cause of failing to predict Pearl Harbor was due to uncertainty of theRead MoreJapanese Attack On Pearl Harbor Essay1825 Words   |  8 Pagesthousands of Japanese-Americans, regardless of United States citizenship status, were required to evacuate their homes and businesses. Sparked by rising fear and anxiety of the American people after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, a United States Naval base in Hawaii, Japanese-Americans were moved to remote areas on the West Coast, where they were isolated in internment camps organized and run by the United States Government. Despite the lack of any concrete evidence, the U.S. forced Japanese-AmericansRead MoreJapanese Attack On Pearl Harbor1495 Words   |  6 Pageslaunch an attack on the naval base of Pearl Harbor. It was completely unexpected as many sailors thought the attack was just a drill, but in the end, it resulted in many casualties. Japan’s decision to attack Pearl Harbor w as a mistake because the United States declared war on Japan the day after the attack. The United States decision to join World War II was a major support to the Allies, as it eventually led to the defeat of the Axis powers. Thus, the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor was a turningRead MoreJapanese Attack On Pearl Harbor1139 Words   |  5 Pages1941: Attack on Pearl Harbor: On December 7, 1941, Japanese military attacked the American naval base at Pearl Harbor in Hawaii. This surprise attack left over two thousand people dead and destroyed a majority of the base’s planes and battleships. The United States had previously been neutral and did not have involvement in World War II, but, as a result of the attack, the United States declared war on Japan. The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor is an important event in history because it is whatRead MoreJapanese Motivations for the Attack on Pearl Harbor1556 Words   |  7 Pagesthe Japanese government behind the air attack on Pearl H arbor? To assess these motivations, the significance of Pear Harbor, the result of the attack, the overall intentions of the Japanese government, as well as the relations with them and the United States are being identified and evaluated in this investigation. In addition, the attack itself must be evaluated to have a full understanding of the attack and its intention. B. Summary of Evidence The Japanese military strike on Pearl Harbor occurredRead MoreThe War After The Japanese Attack On Pearl Harbor1469 Words   |  6 PagesIvan Peng, Erin Wong Galloway HUSH Period 6 11 February 2017 WW2 Propaganda From 1941 to 1945, the United States fought in the second world war after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. It had created a chaotic environment for America as a whole; panic spread across the nation and many were fearful of the Axis powers. Because the government is an accurate representation of its people, the people will always reflect the behaviors of their government. Thus, nations needed to remain strong and tenacious

Admiral Sir Bertram Ramsay, the Savior of Dunkirk

Born January 20, 1883, Bertram Home Ramsay was the son of Captain William Ramsay in the British Army. Attending the Royal Colchester Grammar School as a youth, Ramsay elected not to follow his two older brothers into the Army. Instead, he sought a career at sea and joined the Royal Navy as a cadet in 1898. Posted to the training ship HMS Britannia, he attended what became the Royal Naval College, Dartmouth. Graduating in 1899, Ramsay was elevated to midshipman and later received a posting to the cruiser HMS Crescent. In 1903, he took part in British operations in Somaliland and earned recognition for his work with British Army forces shore. Returning home, Ramsay received orders to join the revolutionary new battleship HMS Dreadnought. World War I A modernizer at heart, Ramsay thrived in the increasingly technical Royal Navy. After attending the Naval Signal School in 1909-1910, he received admission to the new Royal Naval War College in 1913. A member of the colleges second class, Ramsay graduated a year later with the rank of lieutenant commander. Returning to the Dreadnought, he was aboard when World War I began in August 1914. Early the following year, he was offered the post of flag lieutenant for the Grand Fleets cruiser commander. Though a prestigious posting, Ramsay declined as he was seeking a command  position of his own. This proved fortuitous as it would have seen him assigned to HMS Defense, which was later lost at the Battle of Jutland. Instead, Ramsay served a brief stint in the signals section at the Admiralty before being given command of the monitor HMS M25 on the Dover Patrol. As the war progressed, he was given command of the destroyer leader HMS Broke. On May 9, 1918, Ramsay took part in Vice-Admiral Roger Keyes Second Ostend Raid. This saw the Royal Navy attempt to block the channels into the port of Ostend. Though the mission was only partly successful, Ramsay was mentioned in despatches for his performance during the operation. Remaining in command of Broke, he carried King George V to France to visit the troops of the British Expeditionary Force. With the conclusion of hostilities, Ramsay was transferred to the staff of Admiral of the Fleet John Jellicoe in 1919. Serving as his flag commander, Ramsay accompanied Jellicoe on a year-long tour of the British Dominions to assess naval strength and advise on policy. Interwar Years Arriving back in Britain, Ramsay was promoted to captain in 1923 and attended senior officers’ war and tactical courses. Returning to sea, he commanded the light cruiser HMS Danae between 1925 and 1927. Coming ashore, Ramsay began a two-year assignment as an instructor at the war college. Towards the end of his tenure, he married Helen Menzies with whom he would ultimately have two sons. Given command of the heavy cruiser HMS Kent, Ramsay was also made chief of staff to Admiral Sir Arthur Waistell, commander in chief of the China Squadron. Remaining abroad until 1931, he was given a teaching post at the Imperial Defense College that July. With the end of his term, Ramsay gained command of the battleship HMS Royal Sovereign in 1933. Two years later, Ramsay became chief of staff to the commander of the Home Fleet, Admiral Sir Roger Backhouse. Though the two men were friends, they differed widely on how the fleet should be administered. While Backhouse firmly believed in centralized control, Ramsay advocated for delegation and decentralization to better allow commanders to act at sea. Clashing on several occasions, Ramsay asked to be relieved after just four months. Inactive for the better part of three years, he declined an assignment to China and later began working on plans to reactivate the Dover Patrol. After reaching the top of the rear-admirals’ list in October 1938, the Royal Navy elected to move him to the Retired List. With relations with Germany deteriorating in 1939, he was coaxed from retirement by Winston Churchill in August and promoted to vice admiral commanding Royal Navy forces at Dover. World War II With the beginning of World War II in September 1939, Ramsay worked to expand his command. In May 1940, as German forces began inflicting a series of defeats on the Allies in the Low Countries and France, he was approached by Churchill to begin planning an evacuation. Meeting at Dover Castle, the two men planned Operation Dynamo which called for a large-scale evacuation of British forces from Dunkirk. Initially hoping to evacuate 45,000 men over two days, the evacuation saw Ramsay employ a massive fleet of disparate vessels which ultimately saved 332,226 men over nine days. Employing the flexible system of command and control that he had advocated in 1935, he rescued a large force which could immediately be put to use defending Britain. For his efforts, Ramsay was knighted. North Africa Through the summer and fall, Ramsay worked to develop plans for opposing Operation Sea Lion (the German invasion of Britain) while the Royal Air Force fought the Battle of Britain in the skies above. With the RAFs victory, the invasion threat quieted. Remaining at Dover until 1942, Ramsay was appointed Naval Force Commander for the invasion of Europe on April 29. As it became clear that the Allies would not be in a position to conduct landings on the continent that year, he was shifted to the Mediterranean as Deputy Naval Commander for the invasion of North Africa. Though he served under Admiral Sir Andrew Cunningham, Ramsay was responsible for much of the planning and worked with Lieutenant General Dwight D. Eisenhower. Sicily and Normandy As the campaign in North Africa was coming to a successful conclusion, Ramsay was tasked with planning the invasion of Sicily. Leading the eastern task force during the invasion in July 1943, Ramsay coordinated closely with General Sir Bernard Montgomery and provided support once the campaign ashore began. With operation in Sicily winding down, Ramsay was ordered back to Britain to serve as Allied Naval Commander for the invasion of Normandy. Promoted to admiral in October, he began developing plans for a fleet that would ultimately include over 5,000 ships. Developing detailed plans, he delegated key elements to his subordinates and allowed them to act accordingly. As the date for the invasion neared, Ramsay was forced to defuse a situation between Churchill and King George VI as both desired to watch the landings from the light cruiser HMS Belfast. As the cruiser was needed for bombardment duty, he forbade either leader from embarking, stating that their presence put the ship at risk and that they would be needed ashore should key decisions need to be made. Pushing forward, the D-Day landings commenced on June 6, 1944. As Allied troops stormed ashore, Ramsays ships provided fire support and also began aiding in the rapid build-up of men and supplies. Final Weeks Continuing to support operations in Normandy through the summer, Ramsay began advocating for the rapid capture of Antwerp and its sea approaches as he anticipated that ground forces might outrun their supply lines from Normandy. Unconvinced, Eisenhower failed to quickly secure the Scheldt River, which led to the city, and instead pushed forward with Operation Market-Garden in the Netherlands. As a result, a supply crisis did develop which necessitated a protracted fight for the Scheldt. On January 2, 1945, Ramsay, who was in Paris, departed for a meeting with Montgomery in Brussels. Leaving from Toussus-le-Noble, his Lockheed Hudson crashed during takeoff and Ramsay and four others were killed. Following a funeral attended by Eisenhower and Cunningham, Ramsay was buried near Paris at St.-Germain-en-Laye. In recognition of his accomplishments, a statue of Ramsay was erected at Dover Castle, near where he planned the Dunkirk Evacuation, in 2000.

Embryonic Stem Cell Research To Be or Not To Be Essay

When a patient is faced with a terminal illness or is told that they will never walk again, it may be difficult to find hope of any kind. Stem Cells provide a faint glimmer of hope, with all the amazing things they, in theory, are able to do and cure. What kind of stem cells are we talking about though? Embryonic, Adult, or Cord Blood? All these possess the ability to replicate themselves as well as become any type of cell (Harvard Gazette). As with any incredible feat there is more often than not a â€Å"catch.† Many questions arise when we think about the sacrifices, risks and benefits. It is a matter of where we owe our obligations, to the embryo or to the thousands of people who are suffering and dying with incurable diseases. A diverse†¦show more content†¦She discusses the actions of former presidents starting with former president George W. Bush. The Bush administration was expected to block the NIH’s previous decision to allow federal funding to suppor t the research of stem cells; however, support for stem cell research was rising among those antiabortion Republicans. Well-known senator Orrin G. Hatch, who had led the fight against the research of fetal transplantation, even announced his support for the research of stem cells. The wife of former president Ronald Reagan, Nancy Reagan, spoke publicly about her support in the research of stem cells after the death of her husband. He died of Alzheimers disease and she felt that stem cell research could have cured and relieved her husbands suffering and it is not something that could be ignored. She did not want to have to see other families go through the same pain and suffering that she and her family had endured during the course of the disease. Rachel Benson Gold provides an unbiased article since she presents both sides of this argument and allows the reader to decide for themselves. The facts are presented very straight forward from credible sources such as senators and former United States Presidents asShow MoreRelatedEmbryonic Of Stem Cell Research Essay1576 Words   |  7 PagesEmbryonic Stem Cell Research Francois Rabelais, the famous Renaissance humanist, once said, â€Å"Science without conscience is the death of the soul† (Rabelais, Francois). Since the late 1960’s, this has been the stance for opponents of embryonic stem cell research. This is saying, if we are willing to take a fertilized embryo and kill it before it has even had time to develop, where is our conscience, our heart? We consider this form of stem cell research to be immoral and unethical. ScientistsRead MoreEmbryonic Of Stem Cell Research942 Words   |  4 PagesEmbryonic Stem Cell is when you have to destroy the egg inside, thus rendering that egg to become a human. The Stem Cell is put into a petri dish where it will be cultured and feed nutrients (Bethesda). The Stem Cell is almost like a blank code, It can replenish a part of the body that is hurt or has a disease (Bigloo). Stem cells can be programed any where in the body to fix the issue. When the stem cell divides it will keep pro ducing till the part of the body is back to normal (Bethesda). StemRead MoreIs Embryonic Stem Cell Research Ethical?951 Words   |  4 PagesIs Embryonic Stem Cell Research Ethical? The introduction and expansion of embryonic stem cell research initiated a highly debated ethical topic. Can our society agree to disagree? What are embryonic stem cells? What are stem cells? Is all stem cell research considered abortion? Debates surrounding embryonic stem cell research is further complicated by social standards and needs, religious beliefs, and personal morals. In November of 1998, a group of researchers announced that theyRead MoreThe Debate Of Embryonic Stem Cell Research1292 Words   |  6 PagesEmbryonic stem cells research is the most debated type of stem cell research. The moral standings of embryonic stem cell research have been debated since the research started. The side against the research claims that it is wrong to value one’s life above another and that the elimination of the most basic form of life is murder. While the side supporting the research claims that the research could bring about the cure for many types of diseases and help save the lives of millions. Embryonic stemRead MoreThe Benefits Of Embryonic Stem Cell Research1184 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Embryonic stem cell research will prolong life, improve life and give hope for life to millions of people.† This quote by Jim Ramstad is about the benefits of Embryonic Stem Cell Research. Stem cells give us many opportunities to find the mechanisms that help regulate embryonic development, organ maintenance, and cellular differentiation. (Ramalho-Santos and Willenbring 35-38). Embryonic stem cell research has been around for many years. It has proven to be very beneficial to the medical world,Read MoreThe Debate Of Embryonic Stem Cell Research1460 Words   |  6 Pages I believe that embryonic stem cell research should be allowed in the United States. From previous encounters with the topic I have learned that the many benefits that can come from stem cell research are without a doubt astounding and unimaginable. There are simply endless possibilities that can arise if the research was allowed to be conducted. From giving back vision to rebuilding tissue, any advance in stem cell research would be beneficial to the medical world. With the help that the advancesRead MoreEmbryonic Stem Cell Research Essay710 Words   |  3 PagesResearch on stem embryonic stem cells We live in a world where genetic sciences have gone beyond laws, and past the imagination. We have come to a point where we don’t know anymore what is right, and what is wrong. We have to decide. In fact, studies are made on embryonic stem cells that for now have the purpose to better our overall health. These stem cells are extracted from extra IVF embryos; they are used and destroyed. While it’s true that this research could cure serious illnesses as Parkinson’sRead MoreThe Debate Of Embryonic Stem Cell Research931 Words   |  4 Pages Embryonic stem cell research is the study of stem cells derived from the undifferentiated inner mass cells of a human embryo. For many years now, the ethics of embryonic stem cell research has been argued. A recent advance in this line of research is the ability to clone the embryonic stem cells, which allows for researchers to create a completely compatible embryonic stem cell to the individual’s tissue type. Though thi s new science may be very beneficial, not everyone can agree on the ethics ofRead MoreEmbryonic And Adult Stem Cell Research Essay1093 Words   |  5 Pages but he is unaware that the type of sickle cell disease from which he is suffering can be cured using stem cells. Scientists have recorded two types of stem cells – embryonic and adult. Stem cells can be retrieved not only from embryos, but also umbilical cords, the placenta, amniotic fluid, and adult tissues and organs (â€Å"Stem Cells,† 2011, p.12). Stem cell research is only a small part of a much larger field of regenerative medicine that includes cell-based therapies, gene technology, and tissueRead MoreThe Debate Of Embryonic Stem Cell Research1711 Words   |  7 PagesEmbryonic stem cell research is a hot topic of debate in our modern age, as scientific development continues to push the boundaries of ethics. The debates lies in whether or not it is helping or hindering society, as the procedure involves th e manipulation of a human embryo. Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are derived from a week old human embryo (blastocyst), often developed from unused in vitro fertilised eggs. They are pluripotent, meaning they are capable of undergoing directed differentiation and

Nasikabatrachus Sahyadrensis A Frog Species free essay sample

Endangered (IUCN 3. 1) Scientific classification Kingdom:Animalia Phylum:Chordata Class:Amphibia Order:Anura Family:Sooglossidae Genus:Nasikabatrachus Biju Bossuyt, 2003 Species:N. sahyadrensis Binomial name Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis Biju Bossuyt, 2003 Distribution of Nasikabatrachus (in black) Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis is a frog species belonging to the family Sooglossidae. It can be found in the Western Ghats in India. Common names for this species are Purple Frog or Pignose Frog. It was discovered in October 2003 and was found to be unique for the geographic region. Contents [hide] Description 2 Distribution 3 Ecology 4 Taxonomy and systematics 5 References 6 External links [edit] Description The body of Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis is shaped similarly to that of most frogs, but is somewhat rounded compared to other more dorsoventrally-flattened frogs. Its arms and legs splay out in the standard anuran body form. Compared to other frogs, N. sahyadrensis has a small head and an unusual pointed snout. Adults are typically dark purple in color. The specimen with which the species was originally described was seven centimeters long from the tip of the snout to the tip of the urostyle. Also, its cry sounds more like one from a chicken. [edit] Distribution The species was discovered in the Idukki district of Kerala by S. D. Biju from the Tropical Botanic Garden and Research Institute in Palode, India and Franky Bossuyt from the Vrije Universiteit Brussel (Free University of Brussels). However it was well known to the local people before and several earlier specimens had been ignored. Earlier thought to be restricted to the Western Ghats south of the Palghat gap, new records have extended its known range further north of the gap. 1] [edit] Ecology The frog spends most of the year underground, surfacing only for about two weeks, during the monsoon, for purposes of mating. The frogs reclusive lifestyle is what caused the species to escape earlier notice by biologists. Unlike many other burrowing species of frogs that emerge and feed above the ground, this species has been found to forage underground feeding mainly on termites using their tongue and a special bu ccal groove. They show inguinal amplexus when mating afloat in temporary rainwater pools. [2] [edit] Taxonomy and systematics The scientific name derives from the Sanskrit word nasika (nose) referring to the pointed snout, batrachus Greek for frog, and Sahyadri as the local name of the mountain range where it was found the Western Ghats. The frog is a living fossil and was initially assigned to a new family of its own, Nasikabatrachidae, but has been more recently assigned to the family Sooglossidae[3] which is found on the Seychelles islands. Being a member of the family Sooglossidae, the species origins lie in close consort with the Seychelles islands where the family was previously solely known from. The origin of the disjunct distribution goes back to about 100 million years ago, during which time India, the Seychelles and Madagascar formed a single landmass which split due to continental drift. [edit] References ^ Das, K. S. Anoop 2006 Record of Nasikabatrachus from the Northern Western Ghats. Zoos Print Journal 21(9):2410 PDF ^ C. Radhakrishnan, K. C. Gopi and Muhamed Jafer Palot (2007) Extension of range of distribution of Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis Biju Bossuyt (Amphibia: Anura: Nasikabatrachidae) along Western Ghats, with some insights into its bionomics. Current Science, 92(2):213-216 PDF ^ Frost, Darrel R. 2006. Amphibian Species of the World: an online reference. Version 4. 0 (17 August 2006). Electronic Database accessible at http://research. amnh. org/herpetology/amphibia/index. php. American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA. 4. C. Radhakrishnan, K. C. Gopi and K. P. Dinesh. 2007. Zoogeography of Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis Biju and Bossuyt (Amphibia: Anura; Nasikabatrachidae) in the Western Ghats, India. Records of the Zoological Survey of India. 107(Part 4): 115-121. (pdf available on request) edit] External links Continental drift and the Sooglossidae National Geographic Nature 425, 711 714 (16 October 2003) Abstract BBC News article Pictures Purple frog delights scientists (in English). BBC News (BBC). 2003-10-17. http://news. bbc. co. uk/2/hi/science/nature/3200214. stm. Retrieved 2007-08-13. [hide]v †¢ d †¢ eExtant anuran families by suborder Kingdom Animalia  · Phylum Chordata  · Subphylum Craniata  · Superclass Tetrapoda  · Class Amphibia ArchaeobatrachiaAscaphidae  · Bombinatoridae  · Discoglossidae  · Leiopelmatidae MesobatrachiaMegophryidae  · Pelobatidae  · Pelodytidae  · Pipidae  · Scaphiopodidae  · Rhinophrynidae NeobatrachiaAmphignathodontidae  · Aromobatidae  · Arthroleptidae  · Brachycephalidae  · Bufonidae  · Centrolenidae  · Craugastoridae  · Dendrobatidae  · Heleophrynidae  · Hemisotidae  · Hylidae  · Hyperoliidae  · Leptodactylidae  · Mantellidae  · Microhylidae  · Myobatrachidae  · Petropedetidae  · Ranidae  · Rhacophoridae  · Rhinodermatidae  · Sooglossidae Retrieved from http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Purple_frog Categories: IUCN Red List endangered species | Frogs by classification | Frogs of India | Amphibians of Asia | Animals described in 2003 | Monotypic amphibian genera Hidden categories: Articles with species microformats Personal tools New features Log in / create account Namespaces Article Discussion VariantsViews Read Edit View history ActionsSearch SearchNavigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Interaction About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact Wikipedia Donate to Wikipedia Help Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Cite this page Print/export Create a book Download as PDF Printable version Languages Cesky Deutsch Dine bizaad Espanol Francais Magyar Nederlands Polski Portugues This page was last modified on 7 July 2010 at 08:42. 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